Operating System - part 03

an Operating System manages directories and files in computer

 

File Types

• The file type is best identified by its file structure.

• A text file would have a very different structure than a file than can be executed.

• An executable file must have a specific structure to be able to be run.

•  The file structure is used to determine its MIME type. The word MIME stands for multipurpose internet mail extension and is used as a standard to identify various file types.

 

File Extensions

• In operating systems such as Microsoft Window systems, Linux, and Unix, a file extension is used to help identify the type of file. 

Eg. file with a .pdf extension can be read by the Adobe Acrobat application program.

• Apple Macintosh computer systems do not use a file extension to identify file types.

 

Executable File Types

• The most important file type to be aware of are executable file types.
•  This is because if accidentally run an executable file on a system, it may install a virus or some other unwanted software program.
• Executable file types include:

.com   .exe

ASCII Text

 ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text.  File extension - .txt

Binary Formatted

A binary file (.bin) is a computer file which may contain any type of data, encoded in binary form for computer storage and processing purposes;

 

Some common file types

.Txt

.Html

.Php

.Bin

.Exe

.Mp4

.Wma

.Avi

.dat

.Java

.Cs

.Py

.Doc

.PDF

.Mp3

.Zip

.rar

.Jpg(.Jpeg)

.bmp

.Gif

.PSD

.Wav

.dll

.Ico

.C

.Css

.VB

.Ini

.3GP

.Mov

.Mpg

.3G2

.Mp2

File operations-

Create, Open, Close, Rename, Copy, Move, Delete and Merge

File Security

Password and Access privileges

Directory and File organization

Basic DOS Commands eg. Dir ,  path, etc…

 

Operating System - part 02

Operating System Classifications

·         Single User - Single Task

There are one User and one Task in this Operating System

·         Single User - Multi Task

There are one User and multi Task in this Operating System

·         Multi User - Multi Task

 There are multi User and multi Task in this Operating System

·         Multi Threading

·         Real time

Operating system types

GUI

·         GUI- Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated using a computer mouse.

Multi-user

·         A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times.

Multiprocessing

·         An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor.

Multitasking

·         An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time.

Multithreading

·         Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently.

Real time systems

—A real-time operating system is an operating system that guarantees a certain capability within a specified time constraint.

—Real-time operating systems require:

o        multitasking

o        Process threads

o        Interrupt levels

—These are the types of systems which control satellites, robots, and air-traffic control

Virtual machine

A self-contained operating environment that behaves as if it is a separate computer.

For example, Java applets run in a Java virtual machine (VM) that has no access to the host 
operating system.

Operating Systems - part 01

Define Operating System

•          A program that controls the execution of application programs

•          An interface between applications and hardware

 An Operating System is a computer program that manages the resources of a computer. It accepts keyboard or mouse inputs from users and displays the results of the actions and allows the user to run applications, or communicate with other computers via networked connections.

Layers of a Computer System

Main Responsibilities of OS

·         Perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

·         Ensure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other.

·         Provide a software platform on top of which other programs (i.e., application software) can run.

Services typically provided by an OS

·         Program Creation (editor, compiler)

·         Program Execution

·         Access to I/O devices

·         Controlled access to files

·         System Access (logging in)

·         Error detection/response

·         Accounting

Booting of computer

·         Booting (also known as "booting up") is a bootstrapping process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system.

·         A boot sequence is the initial set of operations that the computer performs when power is switched on.

·         The bootloader typically loads the main operating system for the computer.

·         Power-on self-test (POST) is pre-boot sequence.

·         It is the first step of booting, or bootstrapping.

The principal duties of the main BIOS during POST :

·         Verify the integrity of the BIOS code itself

·         Find, size, and verify system main memory

·         Discover, initialize, and catalog all system buses and devices

·         Pass control to other specialized BIOSes (if and when required)

·         Provide a user interface for system's configuration

·         Identify, organize, and select which devices are available for booting

·         Construct whatever system environment that is required by the target OS.

Databses Post 01

What is  Database ?

A database is a collection of data that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated

In everyday life most of us get involve with databases.

Eg; phone, super markets, cms, other web sites

Following elements are Used Database.

Banking

          For customer information, accounts, and loans, and banking transactions

Airlines:

          For reservations and schedule information

Universities:

          For student information, course registrations, and grades

Credit card transactions:

          For purchases on credit cards and generation of monthly

Telecommunication:

          For keeping records of calls made, generating monthly bills, maintaining balances on prepaid calling cards, and storing information about the communication networks statements

Finance:

          For storing information about holdings, sales, and purchases of financial instruments such as stocks and bonds

Sales:

          For customer, product, and purchase information

Manufacturing:

          For management of supply chain and for tracking production of items in factories, inventories of items in warehouses/stores, and orders for items.

Human resources:

          For information about employees, salaries, payroll taxes and benefits, and for generation of paychecks

Types of Databases:

• Traditional database applications
• Multimedia databases
• Geographic information systems
• Data warehousing and online transaction processing
• Real time and active database technology

What is Database Management System ?

A set of programs to access data which enables users to create and maintain a database

Facilities:

·         Defining : specifying data types, structures and constraints for the data to be stored

·         Constructing : storing data on some storage media

·         Manipulating : retrieve specific data, update the data and generate reports

·         Sharing : allow access database for multiple users concurrently

·         Protection : system protection among hardware/software malfunction and security protection against unauthorized access

·         Maintaining : change the system as requirements change overtime

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